Restoring landscapes and habitats through the lens of their utilities. Limits and alternatives.

Biogeochemical modelling is used to assess the impact of agricultural activities and climate on carbon and nutrient cycles in ecosystems, as well as associated services or disservices such as biomass production, carbon emissions/storage and nutrient retention.

As a result of changes in farming practices, climate change and the increasing number of beekeepers and apiaries, tensions are emerging around floral resources, i.e. the nectar and pollen used by the bees. Long considered to be unlimited, these floral resources seem to be the object of a competition, both inter-specific between wild and domestic bees and intra-specific between domestic bees. This leads us to consider these floral resources as a common good to be managed collectively, involving not only beekeepers and biodiversity managers, but also the farmers who shape these landscapes and whose practices influence the availability of floral resources.

There are over 20,000 species of wild bees in the world and close to 1,000 in France.

Taking into consideration the environmental continuums, including the interface zones, to study and manage ecosystems is gradually gaining interest in both scientific and operational spheres.

Freshwater, biodiversity hotspots and major supports of ecosystem services, are among the most threatened ecosystems on Earth.

Our landscapes are continually being modified by changes in land use and management practices, leading to a redefinition of the relationship between biodiversity and management practices.